\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{ctex,siunitx,ninecolors}
\setCJKmainfont{Noto Serif CJK SC}
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usetikzlibrary{patterns, calc}
\usetikzlibrary {decorations.pathmorphing, decorations.pathreplacing, decorations.shapes}
\begin{document}
\small
\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,scale=1.0]
  \fill[lightgray](-4,0)rectangle(4,-0.15);
  \draw[fill=gray](-4,0)rectangle(-3.8,-0.15)(4,0)rectangle(3.8,-0.15)(3.85,-0.8)rectangle(3.95,-0.15)(-3.85,-0.8)rectangle(-3.95,-0.15)(-4.05,-0.8)rectangle(-3.75,-1.0)(4.05,-0.8)rectangle(3.75,-1.0);
  \draw[thin,dashdotted](-3,1.2)--(5,1.2);
  \foreach \x in {-3.5,-2.5,-1.5,0.5,3.5}
  {
    \draw[fill=darkgray](\x+0.1,0.1)rectangle(\x-0.1,0);
    \draw[fill=lightgray](\x+0.05,0.1)rectangle(\x-0.05,0.7);
  }
  \draw[ultra thick](-2.5,0.7)--(-2.5,1.1)(-2.5,1.3)--(-2.5,1.7)node[above]{滤光片};
  \draw[ultra thick](-1.5,0.7)--(-1.5,1.15)(-1.5,1.25)--(-1.5,1.7)node[above]{单缝};
  \draw(-0.5,0.7)--(4.5,0.7)--(4.5,1.7)--(-0.5,1.7)node[above]{双缝}(-0.55,0.65)rectangle(-0.5,1.15)(-0.55,1.75)rectangle(-0.5,1.25);
  \fill[lightgray,draw=black,text=black](4.2,0.6)rectangle(4.3,1.8)node[above]{屏};
  \draw(-3.8,1.7)rectangle(-3.2,0.7);
  \draw[very thin,decorate,decoration={coil,segment length=0.2mm,amplitude=0.4mm}](-3.55,1.2)--(-3.45,1.2);
  \draw[thin](-3.55,1.2)--(-3.52,0.7)(-3.45,1.2)--(-3.48,0.7);
  \draw[very thin,fill=cyan!30,fill opacity=0.3](-3.55,0.7)--(-3.55,0.8)..controls(-3.55,1.0)and(-3.7,1.0)..(-3.7,1.2)arc(180:0:0.2)..controls(-3.3,1.0)and(-3.45,1.0)..(-3.45,0.8)--(-3.45,0.7);
  \draw[thin](-2.53,1.4)--++(-0.02,-0.02)--++(0,-0.36)--++(0.02,-0.02)--(-2.53,1.0);
  \node at (-3.5,1.7)[above]{光源};
  \node at (2,1.7)[above]{遮光筒};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}